20th-century philosophy saw the development of a number of new philosophical schools—including logical positivism, analytic philosophy, phenomenology, existentialism, and poststructuralism. In terms of the eras of philosophy, it is usually labelled as contemporary philosophy (succeeding modern philosophy, which runs roughly from the time of René Descartes until the late 19th to early 20th centuries).
As with other academic disciplines, philosophy increasingly became professionalized in the twentieth century, and a split emerged between philosophers who considered themselves part of either the "analytic" or "Continental" traditions. However, there have been disputes regarding both the terminology and the reasons behind the divide, as well as philosophers who see themselves as bridging the divide, such as process philosophy advocates[1] and neopragmatists.[2] In addition, philosophy in the twentieth century became increasingly technical and harder for lay people to read.
The publication of Edmund Husserl's Logical Investigations (1900–1) and Bertrand Russell's The Principles of Mathematics (1903) is considered to mark the beginning of 20th-century philosophy.[3]
Structuralism is a theoretical paradigm that emphasizes that elements of culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or "structure." Alternately, as summarized by philosopher Simon Blackburn, Structuralism is "the belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations. These relations constitute a structure, and behind local variations in the surface phenomena there are constant laws of abstract culture".[20]
- Michel Foucault: Michel Foucault was an academic whose work spanned a number of fields including sociology, psychology, philosophy, etc. Some of his most well-known works are The History of Sexuality and Discipline and Punish. His philosophy concerning power structures is one of his greatest contributions to a number of fields, including philosophy. In his The Subject and Power, Foucault asserts that power is a structure that commonly manifests itself in discourse and happens at the site of the human body. He explains that humans do not wield power but, instead, mediate power. Power is something that happens in action and, while we cannot escape the structure of power, we can choose to deny particular ways that it might manifest itself.[21]
Latinx Philosophy<
Structuralism is a theoretical paradigm that emphasizes that elements of culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or "structure." Alternately, as summarized by philosopher Simon Blackburn, Structuralism is "the belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations. These relations constitute a structure, and behind local variations in the surface phenomena there are constant laws of abstract culture".[20]
- Michel Foucault: Michel Foucault was an academic whose work spanned a number of fields including sociology, psychology, philosophy, etc. Some of his most well-known works are The History of Sexuality and Discipline and Punish. His philosophy concerning power structures is one of his greatest contributions
Main article: Latinx Philosophy
Latinx philosophy is a contemporary thought practice concerned with Latinxs, including the political, social, epistemic, and linguistic significance of Latino/a peoples and cultures.[22] Often written in Spanish of English, Latinx philosophical writing often explores themes such as postcolonial thought, ecultural and philosophical identity, philosophical anthropology, feminism, Marxism, philosophy of liberation, political independence, and subaltern studies. Major figures in Latinx philosophy include: Walter Mignolo (1941-)[23][24], Maria Lugones (1948-)Latinxs, including the political, social, epistemic, and linguistic significance of Latino/a peoples and cultures.[22] Often written in Spanish of English, Latinx philosophical writing often explores themes such as postcolonial thought, ecultural and philosophical identity, philosophical anthropology, feminism, Marxism, philosophy of liberation, political independence, and subaltern studies. Major figures in Latinx philosophy include: Walter Mignolo (1941-)[23][24], Maria Lugones (1948-)[25], and Susana Nuccetelli (1954)[26] from Argentina ; Jorge J. E. Gracia (1942),[27] Gustavo Pérez Firmat (1949)[28] and Ofelia Schutte (1944)[29] from Cuba; Linda Martín Alcoff (1955)[30] from Panama; Giannina Braschi (1953)[31] from Puerto Rico; and Eduardo Mendieta (1963) from Colombia.[32][33] Latinx philosophical writing also explores region-specific ethics and philosophical approaches, such as Aztec ethics, the Chicano movement, Mexican existentialism, Puerto Rican Independence and the intersection of race and gender in Latin American and Latinx identity.[34][35]