thumb|300px|Introduction to Sousa's "
Washington Post March," mm. 1–7 features
octave doubling and a homorhythmic texture.
In music, the texture is how the tempo, melodic, and harmonic materials are combined in a musical composition, determining the overall quality of the sound in a piece. The texture is often described in regard to the density, or thickness, and
range, or width, between lowest and highest pitches, in relative terms as well as more specifically distinguished according to the number of voices, or parts, and the relationship between these voices (see
Common types below). For example, a thick texture contains many 'layers' of instruments. One of these layers could be a string section or another brass. The thickness also is changed by the amount and the richness of the instruments playing the piece. The thickness varies from light to thick.
A piece's texture may be changed by the number and character of parts playing at once, the
timbre of the instruments or voices playing these parts and the harmony,
tempo, and rhythms used. The types categorized by number and relationship of parts are analyzed and determined through the labeling of primary textural elements: primary melody (PM), secondary melody (SM), parallel supporting melody (PSM), static support (SS), harmonic support (HS), rhythmic support (RS), and harmonic and rhythmic support (HRS).
Common types
In musical terms, particularly in the fields of music history and music analysis, some common terms for different types of texture are:
Many classical pieces feature different kinds of texture within a short space of time. An example is the Scherzo from
Schubert’s piano sonata in B major, D575. The first four bars are
monophonic, with both hands performing the same melody an octave apart:
Bars 5–10 are
homophonic, with all voices coinciding rhythmically:
Bars 11–20 are
polyphonic. There are three parts, the top two moving in parallel (interval of a tenth). The lowest part imitates the rhythm of the upper two at the distance of three beats. The passage climaxes abruptly with a bar’s silence:
After the silence, the polyphonic texture expands from three to four independent parts moving simultaneously in bars 21–24. The upper two parts are
imitative, the lowest part consists of a repeated note (
pedal point) and the remaining part weaves an independent melodic line:
The final four bars revert to
homophony, bringing the section to a close;
thumb|center|500px|Schubert Sonata in B major Scherzo bars 25–28 A complete performance can be heard by following this link
Listen
Additional types
Although in music instruction certain styles or repertoires of music are often identified with one of these descriptions this is basically added music (for example, Gregorian chant is described as monophonic, Bach Chorales are described as homophonic and fugues as polyphonic), many composers use more than one type of texture in the same piece of music.
A simultaneity is more than one complete musical texture occurring at the same time, rather than in succession.
A more recent type of texture first used by
György Ligeti is
micropolyphony. Other textures include polythematic, polyrhythmic, onomatopoeic, compound, and mixed or composite textures.
See also
*
Style brisé
References
Further reading
* Anon.: "Monophony",
Grove Music Online', edited by Deane L. Root (accessed 1 August 2015) .
* Copland, Aaron. (1957). ''What to Listen for in Music'', revised edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
* Demuth, Norman. 1964. ''Musical Forms and Textures: A Reference Guide'', second edition. London: Barrie and Rockliff.
* Frobenius, Wolf, Peter Cooke, Caroline Bithell, and Izaly Zemtsovsky: "Polyphony',
Grove Music Online'. edited by Deane Root (accessed 1 August 2015) .
* Hyer, Brian: "Homophony",
Grove Music Online', edited by Deane Root (accessed 1 August 2015) .
* Keys, Ivor. 1961. ''The Texture of Music: From Purcell to Brahms''. London: D. Dobson.
* White, John David. 1995. ''Theories of Musical Texture in Western History''. Perspectives in Music Criticism and Theory 1; Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1678. New York: Garland Publishers.
External links
Add Texture: A web app with examples of different sonic textures
{{DEFAULTSORT:Texture (Music)
Category:Musical texture
hi:
